Categories
Garmin inReach Mountain Rescue Rescue Costs Rescue exprectations Rescue hand signals Rescue Insurance Satellite-enabled phones Uncategorized whistles

Mountain Rescue—What to Expect

Only once have we called Mountain Rescue (Search and Rescue or SAR). A group member left camp in the evening to hike on the ridge. We assumed he would stay within eyesight and a reasonable distance, but he made the decision to continue and scramble up icy terrain toward Hadley Peak. Darkness began to fall, and the winds increased. When he didn’t return, we searched for him until we decided it was unsafe to continue. Seeing no headlamp light anywhere on the ridge, a team member decided to call Mountain Rescue. They informed us that they could not safely assist us due to the harsh winter conditions and high winds—a search would need to wait until the following day. Had he been injured on the ridge, he would likely have died of hypothermia before the morning. We returned to camp, secured his gear, and waited. Thankfully, he returned safely. Never separate from the group or your gear.

winter rescue
Searching for a missing hiker.

Prioritize safety. Communicate with team members. Keep an eye out for each other. If you are caught in an avalanche or fall into a tree well and no one sees it, they can’t know to rescue you. By the time someone realizes something may be wrong, it could already be too late. Try to make sure someone in the group is aware of what you are doing if you leave the camp area. For more about group safety, see Creating a Group Safety Culture

Categories
Whiteouts

Whiteouts

Whiteout can happen at any elevation and is of three types: Clouds (including dense fog), snowfall, and a combination of both. Whiteouts can be localized and happen regardless of the weather forecast. Whiteouts vary in consistency, severity, and duration. 

Mild whiteout: Ground, terrain features, and team are visible within 50–100 meters. Typically, cloud whiteouts are mild and allow visibility of the ground. The degree of forward visibility changes frequently enough to keep moving along the planned route.

mild whiteout
Categories
Fires Getting Lost GPS hypothermia Rescue Insurance Search and Rescue STOP Acronym

Lost or Separated

How to avoid getting lost or separated from the group

The first safety rule of winter backpacking is: Never go alone. For the same reasons you don’t head out into the backcountry alone, you don’t separate from the group. Simple things can escalate quickly into emergencies—your tent blows away, you fall through the snow, your stove doesn’t light, etc. In a group, these issues can be managed, and you can complete the trip. 

group hiking
Stay with the group. You’ll be safer and have more fun.
Categories
Backup Gear Checklist Event specific gear Extra gear Gear Loss Prevention Gear organization Visual inspections

Gear Loss Prevention


Common ways to lose your gear

  • Cell phones
    • Causes: Hikers commonly drop phones off cliffs and into streams or lose them when they fall over in deep snow or when glissading. Sometimes the phone will fall out of a shoulder strap pocket and into a stream when a hiker leans over.
    • Prevention: Use a phone pocket and a case with a lanyard clipped to your pack.
Categories
Conditioning Gear testing Hiking benefits

Conditioning

What is Conditioning?

Conditioning is any form of exercise done to improve overall physical fitness, stamina, and athletic performance. In our case, it is for the purpose of getting ready for backpacking in the mountains. The conditioning needs to prepare us for both uphill hiking and carrying a winter backpack.

For many hikers in the Seattle area, conditioning consists of short weekend hikes on trails near the city, such as Cable Line Trail (3 miles, 2,020 ft gain), Mount Si (8 miles, 3,150 ft gain), and Tiger Mountain (15.2 miles, 2,300 ft gain). These are great conditioning trails, but they require time to get there and complete. I enjoy hiking these trails, but a quicker, more routine-based approach is more practical and easier to sustain.

Make it Regular

Regular walking provides both physical and mental health benefits. It is an accessible form of exercise for people of all fitness levels. It can improve cardiovascular health, strengthen bones and muscles, help with weight management, and boost mood and cognitive function. Getting these types of benefits only requires about 150 minutes of walking per week, or about 30 minutes per day 5 times a week.

Categories
Bandages Camp Stove Burns (treatment) First-Aid First-Aid Strategy Improvised first-aid gear Medications Pain and inflammation relief Types of Kits

Winter Backpacking First Aid Kits

Types of First-Aid Kits

Putting together a first aid kit is a process that often involves modifications depending on many considerations. Priortize safety. Think about your first-aid risks before each trip and adjust your first-aid strategy based on:

  • Activity and environment
  • Duration and distance
  • Group composition
  • Pre-existing medical needs
  • Weight

How do these considerations affect what goes in your first-aid kit? Activity and environment matters because if you are doing high velocity activities such as mountain biking or skiing, there will be a greater need to carry items such as a Tactical tourniquet or an emergency dental repair kit. There is less need for such items if you are snowshoeing. Likewise, there is little to no need for insect repellent or mosquito nettingin winter or snake bite concerns. Duration and distance effects how often you may need to change bandages (number of bandage changes you need to pack). Group composition matters because if there are children or women, this can affect medications and issues such as unexplained abdominal pain. Pre-existing medical needs, such as allergies to bee stings (Anaphylaxis risk) or diabetes (Hypoglycemia risk) involve packing prescription items such as an EpiPen and Insulin. 

Categories
Safety Safety Protocol outline

Winter Backpacking Safety Protocols Project

Winter Backpacking Safety Protocols are guidelines and procedures intended to protect individuals from harm in various settings. The development of these protocols is an ongoing project that begins with this centralized outline with links to safety information on this website.

The purpose of the safety outline is to help winter backpackers easily access information that will help them prepare for safer and more enjoyable winter backpacking experiences. This project will include creating new posts to fill in currently missing information on this website. Periodic updates will be added to older posts to highlight safety issues and include new information learned from experience.

camp evacuation
Sometimes the unexpected happens. An intense lightning storm was spotted approaching our campsite at 2:30 AM. We were on an exposed ridge and had roughly 30 minutes to wake the entire team, pack, and evacuate the ridge.
Categories
Avalanches Climbing helmets Cornices Glide avalanches Rockfall hazards Route hazards Safety precautions Slope angles Snow bridges Types of avalanches Uncategorized Wet Avalanches

Route Planning and Safety

Snow Avalanche avoidance begins with careful route planning. Each planned route involves important safety considerations and exploratory tests. No route is without risks. The information below is basic and not comprehensive. It is intended as an outline of the main dangers and precautions that can be taken.

In addition to selecting routes with less risks, every trip plan needs to consider weather and avalanche forecasts. Weather conditions leading up to the planned event must be monitored and existing snowpack conditions need to be considered.

Avalanche
It is common for skiers and snowshoers to find avalanche debris that occurred when the slope was less stable. Wet slides such as this one are often shallow and slow moving.
Categories
Conditioning Diversity Friendships Gear checks Group Safety Culture Liability Release Managing Expectations Uncategorized Vetting Members

Creating a Group Safety Culture

Begin by Building a Team Mindset

Some backpackers and hikers are introverts who like their solitude. As an organizer, you want to get everyone to respect the group and be a team player. This will increase safety. There are specific things you can do to build a team mindset.

  1. First, create a group structure. Emphasize that it is a group event. Designate a navigator to lead the group and a sweeper to check on anyone in the back who is slower or having difficulty. Having a navigator and sweeper helps create a group structure. The navigator is usually the first person to observe challenging conditions on the route. When this happens it is important for the navigator to discuss options with the sweeper. The sweeper is the person who has the best observations about those in the group who might need help struggle the most with the route.
  2. Second, keep people together. This will help them get to know each other. People care more about people they know. They become more patience and more helpful when the person slowing down the group is a friend. The key is to stay together—ride together, hike together, eat together, and camp together. There is always time around camp for people to wander around and have solitude.
Categories
Aloe Vera Balaclavas Neck gaiters Reflected UV Rays Sunscreen UV Hazards UV Nose Guard UV Shirts

UV Hazards and Protection

Anytime you are spending hours on large snow fields or glaciers, especially in the spring and summer, you are at risk of severe sunburns from reflected sunlight. Snow and ice can reflect up to 80% of UV rays. Exposure is increased at high altitudes where the thinner atmosphere offers less protection. The risk exists even in cloudy conditions. 

I don’t represent any brands or receive any financial benefits from any of the gear I recommend on this website. All gear reviews and recommendations are personal and free from influence. I also don’t use any affiliate links.

whiteout conditions
Reflected UV rays can cause sunburn even in whiteout conditions.

In Washington State, intense sunburns and eye injuries are common during the summer on popular routes, such as Camp Muir and the South Climb of Mount Adams. 

Sunburn Prevention

The goal is to cover exposed flesh and protect the eyes completely. Avoid short-sleeved shirts and short pants. Reflected UV rays can burn you where you least expect it such as on the bottom of your nose and upper lip. Wearing a sun hat does not protect your face from the UV rays reflecting up from the snow.