Footwear for Winter Backpacking

This information is specifically for backpacking in the winter conditions of the Pacific Northwest and Cascade Mountains. 

Having pain in our feet can take the joy out of backpacking, slow you down, and prevent you from completing the hike.  Think of your footwear as a system of socks, shoes, and traction that needs to work comfortably and efficiency together in winter terrain. If one or more parts fail, our movement is slowed and we become susceptible to injuries such as falls, blisters, and sprained ankles. If this system is not in sync we expend energy inefficiency.

Our winter backpacking groups hikes year-round in the Washington Cascade Mountains in different types of terrain and weather conditions—from rocky coastal terrain to icy mountain slopes. For some trips traditional hiking or trail running shoes work fine and for others more rigid boots are necessary. You may choose to use different foot wear for different events or you may want to buy one pair for all your needs. In rare cases, you may even want to bring two pairs of shoes such as a comfortable flexible shoe and a stiffer boot, such as, on a long dry approach that then turns into hard snow.  However, given the extra weight, a single all-purpose boot is ideal. 

Main Requirements

Our group is mainly hiking below 8000 feet on snow, ice, smooth and rocky terrain (scree and tallis) in temperatures 5º F and above. Typical distances range from some deep snow events that are less than 7 miles round trip to longer mixed dirt and hard snow events that can exceed 12 miles per day.

Given these parameters, we require the following in a winter backpacking boot: 

• Warmth: Many walking shoes and boots lack insulation for warmth. It is good to have warm water-resistant boots but you do not need to have extra winter insulation for warmth because you are moving with a backpack and your feet will likely overheat if they are too insulated. Avoid boots with fur linings or removable linings. Wool socks are sufficient (double layers: polyester or wool liners + outer thick wool socks). We are not hiking in Alaskan temperatures and we are not moving slowly like technical mountaineers. When you’re at camp sitting, standing around, and not burning energy, you will be using your solid insulated pad under your feet.
• Step Kicking: In hard snow on steep terrain your boots must have a hard sole and stiff toe box to punch steps into the snow. This is essential for safety on steep terrain. Hiking shoes and boots without a rigid sole and stiff toe box will not allow you to easily create support holes in hard snow. Without these features you will burn enormous amounts of energy trying to prevent yourself from sliding off the slopes. Kick-stepping capabilities are especially useful March–June.
• Snowshoes: Most comfortable and flexible B-1 hiking boot will work for snowshoes in the early winter season. (See box below for B-1, B-2, B-3 definitions.) However, flexible boots may not give you the kick stepping capabilities you need in the end of season winter terrain when you need to switch out of your snowshoes and put on crampons. Snowshoes are especially useful December–March.
• Microspikes: Microspikes will work on any B-1 hiking shoes and boots. These provide essential traction on compacted or hard snow. (Note that traction cleats, such as Yaktrax, are not sufficient for steep terrain. However, Yaktrax can be useful for traveling over coastal rocks covered in slippery seaweed.) Microspikes are especially useful March–June.
• Crampons: Strap-on crampons (C-1 type) are sufficient for winter backpacking. However, if the shoe or boot is too flexible, especially easy lateral twisting, the crampons may come off or fracture the center bar. Crampons work best on boots with rigid soles. Aluminum crampons are less durable. Crampons with antibotts help to unload snow. Crampons are especially useful March–June. Our backpacking strategy is to avoid glacier travel. If you are contemplating glacier travel and the possibility of climbing out of a crevasse, look into B3 boots and C3 crampons.
• Support: The steeper the terrain the more rigid your boots need to be to provide support when only a portion of your boot has surface contact. This is important for safety. The rigid soles provide support and reduce the amount of energy required to remain stable on the slope. 
• Sole Protection: When carrying a heavy pack over rocky terrain the soles of your feet need protection from the sharp and pointed edges of the rocks.  
• High Gaiters: Gaiters prevent snow, scree, and dirt from getting inside your boots and keep most of the mud off your hiking pants. High gaiters extend up to the knees and are best for deep snow while low gaiters work well in the summer when the trail is dry. Look for high gaiters that have an extra-rugged fabric added on the ankle insides to protect your ankles against crampons.

Avoid showing up with *new* hiking shoes or mountaineering boots for long hikes as you will likely be uncomfortable and get severe blisters. Start out with neigborhood walks and shorter hikes to break in your new boots and condition your feet.

Important Fitting Considerations

Foot warmth depends on four main factors:

1. Fit: Winter boots need to be loose. If your boots are tight, your blood circulation is restricted and your feet will be cold. Your toes are the hardest part of your feet to keep warm. The toe box needs to allow your toes to wiggle. A large toe box is essential. Consider a wide shoe option when selecting boots.  Pro tip: some winter boots come in a wide sizes that may not be found a large retailers but are available on the manufactures website. For some models, you can also begin the laces above the toe box to make the box looser. Most winter backpackers use 1, 1.5, or 2 sizes up from what they normally wear. IMPORTANT: When trying on boots, be sure to wear the socks you will be hiking in (ideally, the double layer sock strategy, but not tight socks). Try on boots with the laces undone. Shove your toes into the front of the boot, then place your index finger between the back of the boot and your heel. The index finger should just fit. When the boot is laced, the toes should not hit the front of the boot, which is important when hiking downhill. For more about socks, see What are the Best Socks for Winter Backpacking?
2. Dryness: If boots are too waterproof your feet will get wet from sweat. If the boots are water resistant and breath, prolonged contact with snow will likely lead to wet feet. Once boots are wet it is unlikely you will be able to dry them. Periodic application of waterproofing waxes and sprays will help. Bringing extra socks is recommended. It is also useful to use plastic bags or vapor barrier socks to keep your camp socks dry when using wet boots around camp.
3. Insulation: Many B-1 boots have sufficient insulation for winter backpacking. A double layer of wool socks (thin + thick) provides sufficient insulation in combination with the boot insulation. This double layer sock system is also highly effective at preventing blisters. Keeping your feet warm around camp when you are not moving is the greatest challenge. This requires putting a folded solid-core pad under your boots, which provides a 4 R-value level of insulation, and leaving your boot laces untied for added looseness and circulation. If your boots are moist or wet, use plastic bags or vapor barrier socks to keep your socks and feet dry. Once in your sleeping bag you can also use down booties to boost foot warm on colder nights. 
4. Core warmth: If your core (your upper body) is cold, your body naturally restricts bloodflow to your extremities (hands and feet) to protect your core (heart, inner organs, and brain). Cold feet is often a sign that your core temperature is dropping. Wear appropriate top layers and a cap to maintain foot warmth. You can also insert a hot-water bottle into the inside pocket of your down jacket. If the issue persists during hiking, a bottom base layer may be required.

Other considerations

Trail runners: It is hard to keep your feet warm and dry in snow and winter conditions. Trail runners work well for warmer 3-season hiking with ultra-light backpacks, such as when we are hiking the Washington coast or sections of the PCT. Some trail runners (Altra and Hoka) have remarkably stiff soles and good cushioning making them ideal for 3-season hiking in the mountains. 

Weight: Lighter weight hiking boots will increase your efficiency and reduce fatigue. You should be able to find adequate boots that are lress than 3 pounds per pair. 

Materials: Leather is a somewhat waterproof material, durable and breathable. Gore-Tex blocks liquid water while allowing water vapor to pass through and is designed to be a lightweight, waterproof fabric for all-weather use. Gore-Tex is typically coated with water repellent treatment, but this degrades with use. Typically, a boot may need additional waterproofing within a year. B3 level boots often have plastic uppers and are the most waterproof.

Chronic foot problems

Backpackers with chronic foot problems such as plantar fasciitis (heal pain), metarsalgia (pain in the metatarsalgia), or foot arthritis may consider insoles for their winter boots. Options include Superfeet and Currex. It is important to try on insoles with your hiking boots, ideally before purchase. In addition, insoles need to be broken in before participating in any long backing trip. 

Summary

Choosing the right hiking boot ensures an enjoyable trip. Winter boots should be comfortable, warm, and breathable yet shed water easily.  Your boots should sync well with your socks and traction device. If your system fails, fatigue, injury, and blisters can occur.

1. Winter boots need to be loose. If your boots are tight, your blood circulation is restricted and your feet will be cold.
2. The toe box needs to allow your toes to wiggle. A large toe box is essential. Consider a wide shoe option when selecting boots.
3. Most winter backpackers use 1, 1.5, or 2 sizes up from what they normally wear.
4. When trying on boots, be sure to wear the socks you will be hiking in.
5. Use the thin/thick double-layer sock strategy for warmth and blister priotection.
6. Try on boots with the laces undone. Shove your toes into the front of the boot, then place your index finger between the back of the boot and your heel. The index finger should just fit.

I want to thank Dr Scottie Bussell for his help editing and advising on this post.

What Do You Think?

We want to hear from you! In the comment section below, let us know what boots you are using and what is working well for you in winter conditions.